Parenting Styles And Their Effect On Children Behavior Education Essay

Parenting Styles And Their Effect On Children Behavior Education Essay Early years of learning in a childs life is believed to make a significant difference in the way they develop and go on to learn throughout their lives (Kim, 1999). Developmental psychologists have been making research about the role played by parents and its impact on child development. However, developing a cause-and-effect link between parents behavior and brought up and its impact on child behavior and attitude is a relatively tough task. This can be proved from the fact that children who share a home and are brought up in the same environment, under same circumstances may develop a remarkably different personality than one another. A parenting style is a psychological concept based on regular strategies that parents use while raising their children. There are several different theories and concepts about the best and perfect ways to raise a child. Parenting style plays an important role in raising a child. Baumrinds theory about parenting identifies four distinctive parenting st yles and is complimented by a well-supported and organized progression of ideas. All these tend to cover different parenting techniques worldwide and have contrast with Baumrinds theory. Parental responsibilities start soon after the birth and play a significant role and leave an impact on childs overall life. Most of the parents usually develop their own parenting style usually based upon amalgamation of factors such as childrens temperament and parenting style influenced by their own upbringing, what they observed in other families, what they have been trained and the surrounding culture. There is no hard and fast rule about parenting. It usually evolves with the passage of time as children grow up and develop their personalities. The quality of parenting is an important influence on childrens intellectual, emotional and social development ( Nevid, 2009). How parents put in effort to respond and correct their children greatly impacts how they progress individually and socially. A childs development process is influenced by several factors, for instance, the people and situations he comes into close contact and interaction. Parents influence is the greatest on a chi lds development. The positivity as well as negativity in a childs attitude and behavior is because of parents brought up and parenting style. In 1960s a very famous theory about parenting was developed by Diana Baumrind. This theory was based upon three parenting style named authoritative, permissive and authoritarian. Later, another vital factor named uninvolved was added by Maccoby and Martin. Diana adopted a broad and well managed way to study on more than 100 preschool-age children. She used several approaches using naturalistic observation, parental interviews and other research methods. This broad study helped her to figure out and recognize four important aspects of parenting which include disciplinary strategies, warmth and nurturance, communication styles and expectation of maturity and control. The three parenting styles found out by Diana were based upon these dimensions. According to authoritarian parenting style, parents expect their children to strictly follow the rules and regulations set by them. Parents tend to punish their children if they fail to obey them. Authoritarian parents fail to give any explanation or reason for the rules imposed by them. If a child asks for explanation, the simple reply is, Because I said so. Usually these parents are less responsive and have high demands and expectations. According to Baumrind, these parents are obedience- and status-oriented, and expect their orders to be obeyed without explanation ( Rosenfeld, 2007). Such parents expect complete cooperation from their children and are not at all tolerant about the rules and regulations set by them. They expect maturity on the part of children and are very less interactive with their children. Children of such parents are usually focused in studies and tend to make good grades. They develop the habit of staying out of troubles. A negative impact of this parenting s tyle is that the children are not socially developed as they are never motivated and encouraged to give and develop opinions. They are shy and unconfident, and lack decision making power. This make them less interactive and negatively affect their decision making power. Second parenting style is known as authoritative parenting. This is a relatively democratic style of parenting as the parents are responsive and receptive towards their children. They are usually willing to respond to the questions of their children. Moreover, they are more encouraging and forgiving parents rather than punishing ones in case the child does not come up to their expectation. Baumrind suggests that these parents monitor and communicate clear standards for their childrens conduct. They are forceful, but not aggressive and restrictive. The disciplinary methods adopted by them are supportive. They want their children to be confident as well as socially responsible ( Rosenfeld, 2007). This style ensures healthy development among children because they are taught to abide by rules and regulations in a positive way. They are allowed to asked questions and develop personal opinions. Children of such parents are socially interactive and confident as they have the habit of develo ping opinions. They are self-assured. Third parenting style suggested by Baumrind is known as Permissive parenting. These types of parents are often referred as tolerant parents and they tend to make fewer demands to their children. These parents are less concerned about disciplining their children as they have low expectations of adulthood and self-control. According to Baumrind, permissive parents are more receptive than demanding. They are less concerned about culture and are soft. They do not require mature attitude, allow significant self-regulation, and avoid conflict ( Rosenfeld, 2007). They are friendly with their children. Parents in this case intend to be their childs friend then being a disciplinary figure. Parent-children communication is encouraged. Children raised by indulgent parents have developed self-confidence, healthier social skills and lower levels of depression. All these factors in turn develop a positive and optimistic attitude in individuals. The negative impact of such parenting style is that a childs emotional development is harmed and damaged. He does not matures in this area. Last category of parenting added by Maccoby and Martin is known as uninvolved parenting. These parents are usually less demanding, less communicative and less responsive. They manage to fulfill the basic needs and necessities of their children but overall, they are less attached to their children. In some cases, these parents are ignorant to the extent that they may even ignore the needs and necessities of their children. Such parents are ambivalent to their childs necessities and desires. They are neglectful about their children. As parents are less demanding and do not intend to make rules for their children, hence children lack communication, encouragement and praise. Children of such parents develop negative features in their personalities and lack confidence. They are not socially active and confident because less compliance demand by parents stunts their social growth. They are never educated about handling different situations, hence cognitive growth is negatively affected. These parenting styles have a significant impact on childrens psychology. The study of 100 preschool children helped Baumrind to develop the impact of parenting on children. For instance, Authoritarian parenting styles normally result in obedient and respectful children, who are quiet skillful, but they rank lower in happiness and social capability. On the contrary, Authoritative parenting style results in happy and socially capable children. Thirdly, Permissive parenting often results in children who face problems with power and usually show poor and weak performance in school. Lastly, uninvolved parenting styles have the lowest rank among all the categories of parenting. As these children are ignored by the parents so they grow as individuals with less self-control, low self-esteem and are less capable and skilled as compared to their peers. Another important aspect of parenting style is that the adolescent behavior is an important measure that can have a significant influence on parenting style. For instance, if a child breaks a curfew, both parents adopt a measure to deal with the child in order to enforce an action. Hence, childs behavior has a major influence on the parenting style adopted by parents. A cooperative and motivated child is more probable to have parents who adopt an authoritative parenting attitude. On the other hand, an unhelpful, immature and careless teen may be more expected to provoke a parenting style that is authoritarian or uninvolved parenting style. Overall attitude of the child tends to evolve parenting style of the children. It is commonly practiced on the part of the parents that they change their parenting habits with time. Few parents are more rigid with elder children and less rigid with younger ones. Hence, the time period, changes in culture and environment and changes in circumstances evolves the parents as well as their parenting style. Ethnicity is another vital aspect that can have an influence on the parenting style. It has been observed that authoritative parenting style is more prevalent among white families as compared to others. On the other hand, authoritarian parenting style seems to be more common among ethnic minority families. The basic reason behind this influence is the impact of culture and parental beliefs. For instance, ethnic minority families usually live in dangerous neighborhoods where life isnt secure so parents tend to adopt authoritarian behavior as it stresses upon parental control and compliance. In this scenario, this style of parenting is necessary for the safety of the children. There are other measures as well that can significantly influence the parenting style. For instance, internal factors like lack of sleep and mood, external factors such as work stress and duties and childs personality and attitude. All these factors play a vital role on parenting style adopted by parents. According to the overall study of different parenting styles authoritative parenting is considered the most effective with fruitful and positive impacts on childrens overall brought up as compared to other three parenting styles (Pressley McCormick, 2007). Now the question arises, what makes authoritative parenting the best one among all? Many reasons can be listed such as warm and receptive attitude of the parents towards the children result in a comfortable environment at home. As the result of this comfort provided at home, children usually develop a positive approach towards life. Children of the authoritative parenting style are usually self-sufficient, self-controlled, and content, hence they have an optimistic attitude overall. They develop personal opinion; interact with peers in an effective and efficient manner. They can handle situations in a wise manner. They gain all necessary skills because of the parenting style adopted at home. Overall surrounding and culture can have a vital impact on the parenting style. Research has shown that most of the Chinese parents adopt authoritarian parenting style ( Zimmerman Schunk, 2011). Chines parents are strict about rules and regulations; unnecessary freedom is not granted to Chinese children and parents are usually strict about the code of conduct and ethics. One of the major reasons behind this parenting style being prevalent in Chinese parents is basically the one child policy imposed by the government. It restricts all Chinese families to have only one child. As a result of this policy, all the attention of the Chinese parents is focused on their only child, hence they want to see perfection in their upbringing and they tend to adopt this parenting style. It leaves no room for failure on the part of parents. Secondly, the culture of China promotes hard work, so parents in China intend to raise bright and intelligent children who can excel in life thus they adopt autho ritarian parenting style. Thus the parenting style of China is similar to the authoritarian style of Diana Baumrinds theory of parenting. It has the similar outcomes among Chinese children as discussed above in Baumrinds theory. Chinese children adopt almost all the measures of Baumrinds authoritarian theory. Similarly a sample of 408 students was studied to determine the parenting style commonly practiced in Canada. Parental Authority Questionnaire, the Perception of Parental Reciprocity Scale, the Social Provisions Scale-Present Version and parental interviews were conducted to measure students and parents upon various scales to judge their relationship with their parents to figure out the parenting style being practiced. The research showed that authoritative parenting is the style commonly practiced in Canada ( Shaw, 2008). This study determined that Canadian parents are more tolerant. They seem to have authoritative parenting style. Canadians have a relatively democratic style of parenting as the parents are responsive and receptive towards their children. They are usually ready to respond to the questions of their children. They are less punitive and coercive. Although Canadian parents are concerned about rules and regulations but they are forgiving in case a child fails to abide by the rule or come up to the expectation of the parents. The disciplinary methods adopted by them are kind. Hence the features of authoritative parenting style of Baumrinds theory is seems to be practiced in Canadian culture. Based on past research, all three dimensions of authoritative parenting (connection, Regulation, and autonomy granting) seem to exist in the context of Japanese culture (Golombok, 2000). There is an old Japanese proverb, there is no treasure that surpasses a child. Japanese hold a high respect for childhood period and consider it a cherished and valued period in the human life cycle. This way of thinking among Japanese develops thinking that children are innocent and naturally good. Environment tends to affect them in later years of life. This belief develops a view among Japanese that parenting is like caring for a plant that must be carefully cultivated, skilled and pruned as it rises. Most of the children in Japan are greatly dependent upon mothers. It is a common practice in Japan that mothers performs most of the tasks of their children which includes decision-making about hobbies, education and career paths. Thus most of the Japanese children are obedient and dutiful towards th eir parents. Parenting in Japan is closely associated with understanding with parents specially mothers. Most of the mothers in Japan are so close to their child that they establish a relationship wherein mother and child have a collective mind rather than two separate, individual minds. They use this understanding and closeness to teach their children about morals, values, ethics, and to persuade them to behave wisely. They prefer to not to use coercive methods. Some of the features of Japanese parenting style are in accordance with authoritarian parenting style of Baumrind but it has some contrasting features as well. For instance, parents in Japan do not tend to punish their children if they fail to obey them. Rather, they use their understanding and closeness with the children to correct them. Hence, they are relatively lenient as compared to Baumrinds authoritarian parenting style. Japanese rather apply rational parenting approach to up bring their children. In rational parenting approach, well aware Japanese moms consult child development professionals, doctors, educators, family and friends in order to make the finest choices for their children as they mature. Secondly, Nest building and feeling parenting are two usual methods practiced by modern Japanese mothers to exercise control over their childs thinking. This helps them to develop a perfect understanding with their children. In this practice, parents tend to take keen interest in their childs nutrition, communication, activities and even fashion. Mothers prefer to keep their children at home most of the time and avoid social and outdoor activities. They are taught to communicate fairly, regularly and solely with their mothers. This approach focuses to increase dependency while depending upon the trust and closeness the child feels toward his mother. From the study about Japanese way of parenting, it is quite evident that few of the features of parenting are in accordance to Baumrinds authoritarian parenting style but overall, a unique method is practice by Japanese to parent the children. On the whole, each of these parenting styles mentioned above tends to have certain influences on childrens behavior. Inconsistency in parents approach regarding the parenting behavior can be damaging for the children. Neither all parenting styles are perfectly right or completely wrong. It is a continuous lifelong job of trials and mistakes. It needs to be evolved timely with emerging situations and changed circumstances. The results are never 100 percent. All parents adopt various approaches to raise their children with no fixed rules and regulations, no written commands and no proper instructions. What works with one child at home might completely fail in case of other child at home. Even real siblings are completely different individuals with different habits and behaviors. Situations aroused with time impel us to act in a particular way. They impact us consciously and subconsciously. Thus parenting refers to how we were raised, when we were raised, and where we were raised. All t hese factors together play an important role in parenting. Parents must constantly monitor their childs behavior and attitude and change their parenting style accordingly. Rigidity in parenting style is never advisable.

Balance Scorecard Essay

A Balanced Scorecard is a framework that focuses on shareholder, customer, internal and learning requirements of a business in order to create a system of linked objectives, measures, targets and initiatives which collectively describe the strategy of an organization and how that strategy can be achieved. † The Balanced scorecard retains the traditional financial measures and complements them with measures that are drivers of future performance. The objectives and measures of the scorecard are derived from an organizations vision and strategy and these view organizational performance. The balanced scorecard is a management system (not only a measurement system) that enables organizations to clarify their vision and strategy and translate them into action. It provides feedback around both the internal business processes and external outcomes in order to continuously improve strategic performance and results. When fully deployed, the balanced scorecard transforms strategic planning from an academic exercise into the nerve center of an enterprise. The balanced scorecard is a tool developed by Kaplan and Norton to articulate, execute and monitor strategy using a mix of financial and non-financial measures. It is designed to translate vision and strategy into objectives and measures across four balanced perspectives: financial, customers, internal business processes and learning and growth. It focuses on all the activities that generate financial results rather than the financial side alone. The scorecard depicts strategy as a series of cause-and-effect relationships between critical variables and gives a framework for ensuring that strategy is translated into a coherent set of performance measures. The use of a hierarchy of scorecards cascading through the organisation ensures that strategy and performance measurement is closely aligned. The Balanced Scorecard can act as both a control system and a management tool. In other words, it can be used for monitoring performance as well as for strategic planning. Its versatility may be one of the reasons why so many companies have chosen to adopt it.

Gonzaga University Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

Gonzaga University is a private Catholic university with an acceptance rate of 66%. Located in Spokane, Washington and named after 16th-century Italian Jesuit Saint Aloysius Gonzaga, the university is one of the countrys  top Catholic colleges. Academics are supported by a 12-to-1  student / faculty ratio. On the athletic front, the Gonzaga Bulldogs compete in the NCAA Division I  West Coast Conference. The basketball team has met with notable success. Considering applying to Gonzaga? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, Gonzaga University had an acceptance rate of 66%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 66 students were admitted, making Gonzagas admissions process competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 8,402 Percent Admitted 66% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 22% SAT Scores and Requirements Gonzaga University requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 71% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 600 670 Math 590 680 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of Gonzagas admitted students fall within the top 35% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to Gonzaga scored between 600 and 670, while 25% scored below 600 and 25% scored above 670. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 590 and 680, while 25% scored below 590 and 25% scored above 680. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1350 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at Gonzaga. Requirements Gonzaga does not require the SAT writing section or SAT Subject tests. Note that Gonzaga participates in the scorechoice program, which means that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. ACT Scores and Requirements Gonzaga requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 48% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 25 33 Math 25 29 Composite 25 30 This admissions data tells us that most of Gonzagas admitted students fall within the top 22% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to Gonzaga received a composite ACT score between 25 and 30, while 25% scored above 30 and 25% scored below 25. Requirements Gonzaga University does not require the ACT writing section. Unlike many universities, Gonzaga superscores ACT results; your highest subscores from multiple ACT sittings will be considered. GPA In 2018, the average high school GPA of Gonzaga Universitys incoming freshmen class was 3.78, and over 50% of admitted students had GPAs of 3.75 and above. These results suggest that most successful applicants to Gonzaga have primarily A grades. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph Gonzaga University Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to Gonzaga University. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances Gonzaga University, which accepts two-thirds of applicants, has a competitive admissions pool with high average GPAs and SAT/ACT scores. However, Gonzaga has a holistic admissions process involving factors beyond your grades and test scores. A strong application essay and a glowing letter of recommendation can strengthen your application, as can participation in meaningful extracurricular activities and a rigorous course schedule. You can further improve your chances by writing a thoughtful response to one of the short answer questions on Gonzagas supplement to the Common Application. Students with particularly compelling stories or achievements can still receive serious consideration even if their grades and test scores are outside Gonzagas average range. Note that applicants to Gonzagas Nursing and Engineering programs have additional requirements. Admissions interviews are encouraged, but not required for most applicants. Students with an average, unweighted GPA of 3.2 or below, an SAT combined score or 1150 or lower, or an ACT composite score of 23 or lower, are strongly encouraged to participate in an interview. In the graph above, the green and blue dots represent accepted students. The majority of admitted students had GPAs of B/A- or higher, SAT scores (ERWM) above 1100, and ACT composite scores of 22 or higher. A significant percentage of successful applicants had solid A averages. If You Like Gonzaga University, You May Also Like These Schools University of Washington - SeattleLoyola Marymount UniversityStanford UniversityUniversity of ArizonaBoise State UniversityUniversity of OregonWashington State UniversityUniversity of San DiegoPepperdine University All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and Gonzaga University Undergraduate Admissions Office.

How Does a Thermometer Measure Air Temperature

How warm is it outside? How cold will it be tonight? A thermometer -- an instrument used to measure air temperature—easily tells us this, but how it tells us is another question entirely. To understand how a thermometer works, we need to keep one thing in mind from physics: that a liquid expands in volume (the amount of space it takes up) when its temperature warms and decreases in volume when its temperature cools. When a thermometer is exposed to the atmosphere, the surrounding airs temperature will permeate it, eventually balancing the thermometers temperature with its own—a process whose fancy scientific name is thermodynamic equilibrium. If the thermometer and its inside liquid must warm to reach this equilibrium, the liquid (which will take up more space when warmed) will rise because it is trapped inside of a narrow tube and has nowhere to go but up. Likewise, if the thermometers liquid must cool to reach the airs temperature, the liquid will shrink in volume and lower down the tube. Once the thermometers temperature balances that of the surrounding air, its liquid will stop moving. The physical rise and fall of the liquid inside of a thermometer is only part of what makes it work. Yes, this action tells you that a temperature change is occurring, but without a numerical scale to quantify it, youd be unable to measure just what the temperature change is. In this way, the temperatures attached to a thermometers glass play a key (albeit passive) role. Who invented it: Fahrenheit or Galileo? When it comes to the question of who invented the thermometer, the list of names is endless. Thats because the thermometer developed from a compilation of ideas through the 16th to 18th centuries, starting in the late 1500s when Galileo Galilei developed a device using a water-filled glass tube with weighted glass buoys that would float high in the tube or sink depending on the hotness or coldness of air outside of it (sort of like a lava lamp). His invention was the worlds first thermoscope. In the early 1600s, Venetian scientist and friend to Galileo, Santorio, added a scale to Galileos thermoscope so that the value of temperature change could be interpreted. In doing so, he invented the worlds first primitive thermometer. The thermometer didnt take on the shape we use today until Ferdinando I de Medici redesigned it as a sealed tube having a bulb and stem (and filled with alcohol) in the mid-1600s. Finally, in the 1720s, Fahrenheit took this design and bettered it when he began using mercury (instead of alcohol or water) and fastened his own temperature scale to it. By using mercury (which has a lower freezing point, and whose expansion and contraction is more visible than waters or alcohols), Fahrenheits thermometer allowed temperatures below freezing to be observed and more precise measurements to be observed. And so, Fahrenheits model was accepted as the best. What kind of weather thermometer do you use? Including Fahrenheits glass thermometer, there are 4 main types of thermometers used to take air temperatures: Liquid-in-glass. Also called bulb thermometers, these basic thermometers are still used in Stevenson Screen weather stations nationwide by National Weather Service Cooperative Weather Observers when taking the daily maximum and minimum temperature observations. Theyre made of a glass tube (the stem) with a round chamber (the bulb) at one end that houses the liquid used to measure the temperature. As the temperature changes, the volume of liquid either expands, causing it to climb up into the stem; or contracts, forcing it to shrink back down out of the stem toward the bulb. Hate how fragile these old-fashioned thermometers are? Their glass is actually made very thin on purpose. The thinner the glass, the less material there is for the heat or cold to pass through, and the quicker the liquid responds to that heat or cold—that is, theres less lag. Bi-metallic or spring. The dial thermometer mounted on your house, barn, or in your backyard is a type of bi-metal thermometer. (Your oven and refrigerator thermometers and furnace thermostat are other examples, too.) It uses a strip of two different metals (usually steel and copper) which expand at different rates to sense temperatures. The metals two different expansion rates force the strip to bend one way if heated above its initial temperature, and in the opposite direction if cooled below it. The temperature can be determined by how much the strip/coil has bent. Thermoelectric. Thermoelectric thermometers are digital devices that use an electronic sensor (called a thermistor) to generate an electric voltage. As the electric current travels along a wire, its electrical resistance will change as temperature changes. By measuring this change in resistance the temperature can be calculated.  Ã‚   Unlike their glass and bi-metallic cousins, thermoelectric thermometers are rugged, respond fast, and dont need to be read by human eyes, which makes them perfect for automated use. Thats why theyre the thermometer of choice for automated airport weather stations. (The  National Weather Service uses data from these AWOS and ASOS stations to bring you your current local temperatures.) Wireless personal weather stations also use the thermoelectric technique. Infrared. Infrared thermometers are able to measure the temperature at a distance by detecting how much heat energy (in the invisible infrared wavelength of the light spectrum) an object gives off and calculating a temperature from it. Infrared (IR) satellite imagery—which shows the highest and coldest clouds as a bright white, and low, warm clouds as gray—can be thought of as a kind of cloud thermometer. Now that you know how a thermometer works, watch it closely at these times each day to see what your highest and lowest air temperatures will be. Sources: Srivastava, Gyan P. Surface Meteorological Instruments and Measurement Practices. New Delhi: Atlantic, 2008.